Etymological survey of Modern English

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1. Grammatical changes in the Middle English period Noun. The category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech. The category of number was preserved; it...
2. Native and borrowed words Native Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogenous. It consists of two layers — the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words...
3. Grammatical classes of words The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech»....
4. Periods of the English history According to English scientists Henry Sweet classified this periods are connected with the development of English endings. Henry Sweet classified them as 1.    The Period of Full Endings ,...
5. The subject and object of stylistics The subject of stylistics can be outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and, on the other, the study of...
6. Modern English Word formation Word formation is a branch of science of the language which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). Word formation is a...
7. Affixation Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of  speech....
8. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms and their types Synonyms are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects. In English there are a lot of synonyms, because there are many borrowings. There...
9. Polysemy in Modern English Most English words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the wealth of expressive resources of a language largely depends on the degree to which polysemy has developed in the...
10. The noun and its categories The noun is expression that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality or idea. It serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of...
11. Theory of phonetics as a branch of linguistics The word «phonetics» is derived from the Greek «sound» and used in two different meanings: 1) to some authors, usually non-phoneticians, phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with...
12. Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The expressive means of the language are studied respectively in manuals of phonetics, grammar, lexicology and stylistics. Stylistics, however, observes not only the nature of an expressive means, but also...
13. Semantic change There are many causes of semantic change: 1) Historical causes. According to historical principle, everything develops changes, social institutions change in the course of time,...
14. Latin borrowings Latin, being the language of the Roman Empire, had already influenced the language of the Germanic tribes even before they set foot in Britain. Latin loanwords reflected the superior material...
15. General characteristics of the verb According to content, verbs can be described as words denoting actions (e.g. to walk, to speak, to play), process (e.g. to sleep, to wait, to live), state (e.g. to be,...
16. Lexicography Lexicography is the study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language for the purpose of compilation in book form-in short, the process of dictionary...
17. Neologisms A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created («coined») — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology...
18. Syntactical, Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Groups of Syntactical Stylistic Devices: 1. Stylistic Inversion, Detached Construction, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Repetition, Enumeration,...
19. Изучение Английского языка Изучение английского и вообще иностранных языков обширная и довольно таки интересная тема. На Английском языке разговаривает большая часть человечества. Английский является официальным языком таких стран как Англия, США, Канады, Мальты,...
20. Как выучить иностранный язык Даже если вы ходите на курсы и прилежно выполняете домашние задания, следование этим пяти простым правилам поможет вам выучить любой язык. 1. Тратьте на это время. Самый важный фактор —...
21. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds Speech sounds can be analysed from the viewpoint of three as­pects: (1) acoustic, (2) physiological and articulatory, (3) functional. Phonetics is connected with linguistic...
22. Types of narration. Author’s narrative dialogue A work of creative prose is never homogenous as to the form and essence of the information it carries. Both very much depend on the view point of the addresses?...
23. Publicist style. Newspaper style. Belles-letters style The literary communication, most often (but not always) materialized in the written form, is not homogeneous, and pro­ceeding from its function (purpose) we speak of different functional styles. As the...
24. Types of morphemes. Distributional classification of morphemes a) Semantically morphemes fall into two classes: root-morphe­mes and non-root or affixation al morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct classes of morphemes due to the dif­ferent roles they play...
25. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in Grammar Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence. The combination of two words or word-groups one of which is modified by the other forms a unit...
26. Structural Classification of Sentences The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic   pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. From the point of...
27. Morphological structure of the english word If we describe a w o r d as an autonomous unit of language in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and which is capable...
28. Semantical structure of polysemantic words Polysemy is characteristic of most words in many languages. All the lexical and lexico-grammatical variants of a word taken together form its semantic structure or semantic para­digm. Thus, in the...
29. Native and Borrowed word Native are words of anglo-saxon origin brought to the English islands from the continent in the 5-th cent by the Germ. tribes  (angles, saxons). Borrowings-the term is used to denote...
30. Compound words and their classification Compounds are words produced by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms. They may be classified proceeding from different criteria: according to the parts...
31. Functional styles and functional stylistics Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive...
32. Classifications of consonants in modern English Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants I. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation the English consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless....
33. Classification of vowel in modern English Vowels are voiced sounds in forming which the airstream passes freely without any obstruction through the larynx the mouth cavity make the vocal cords vibrate. Vowels are classified: in the...
34. The category of number of nouns Modern English like most other languages distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. Plural and singular nouns stand in contrast as diametrically opposite. Instances are not few, however, when their opposition...
35. Part of speech in modern English The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech». Words on the upper level of classification...
36. Non-Finite Forms (Verbids) The complicated structure and character of the verb has given rise to much dispute and controversy. The morphological field of the English verb heterogeneous. It includes a number of groups...
37. Homonymy in Modern English. Split policemy Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning. bank, n.-a shore  bank, n.-an institution for...
38. Рolysemy in Modern English It’s generally known that most words convey several concepts and thus possess the corresponding number of meanings. A word having several meanings is called polysemantic, and the ability of words...
39. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the prop­erties of words as the main units of...
40. Theory of grammar as a branch of linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages which is characterized by the systemic approach to the object of its investigation. Grammar is one of the main linguistic disciplines which...