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Etymological survey of Modern English

The reason of borrowings:

1. to fill a gap in vocabulary

«Potato»,»tomato» from Spanish when appeared in English (these vegetables)

2. It represents the same concept but in some aspect: a new shade of meaning. Ex.: friendly-cordial (Latin), Desire(French)-wish, Admire(Latin)-adore( French)

When borrowed words become assimilated in the language and the process of assimilation develops to the point when it’s practically impossible to recognize the origin of a word. Ex.: cat, dinner, cup

Other words bear trace of their background.

Ex.: distance, development (French suffixes); Skin, sky (Scandinavian); Police, garage, cafe (French) Stress on the last syllable.

Some Norman borrowings have become fully adopted, no phonetic traces of their French origin: table.

«Big in size» as first it retained a trace of it’s former meaning «wide» because it was applied to object with vast horizontal dimension.

Nowadays it has approached very closely to the word «big».

Grammatical changes in the Middle English period Noun. The category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal...
Native and borrowed words Native Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogenous. It consists of two layers — the...
Grammatical classes of words The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The...
Periods of the English history According to English scientists Henry Sweet classified this periods are connected with the development of English endings. Henry Sweet classified...
The subject and object of stylistics The subject of stylistics can be outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on...
Modern English Word formation Word formation is a branch of science of the language which studies the patterns on which a language forms new...
Affixation Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an...
Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms and their types Synonyms are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects. In English there are...
Polysemy in Modern English Most English words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the wealth of expressive resources of a language largely depends...
The noun and its categories The noun is expression that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality or idea. It serve as the...
Theory of phonetics as a branch of linguistics The word «phonetics» is derived from the Greek «sound» and used in two different meanings: 1) to some authors, usually...
Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The expressive means of the language are studied respectively in manuals of phonetics, grammar, lexicology and stylistics. Stylistics, however, observes...
Semantic change There are many causes of semantic change: 1) Historical causes. According to historical principle, everything develops changes, social institutions change...
Latin borrowings Latin, being the language of the Roman Empire, had already influenced the language of the Germanic tribes even before they...
General characteristics of the verb According to content, verbs can be described as words denoting actions (e.g. to walk, to speak, to play), process (e.g....
Lexicography Lexicography is the study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language for the purpose...
Neologisms A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created («coined») — often to apply to new...
Syntactical, Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Groups of Syntactical Stylistic Devices: 1. Stylistic Inversion, Detached Construction, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Repetition, Enumeration,...
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Acoustic aspect of speech sounds Speech sounds can be analysed from the viewpoint of three aspects: (1) acoustic, (2) physiological and articulatory, (3) functional. Phonetics...
Types of narration. Author’s narrative dialogue A work of creative prose is never homogenous as to the form and essence of the information it carries. Both...
Publicist style. Newspaper style. Belles-letters style The literary communication, most often (but not always) materialized in the written form, is not homogeneous, and proceeding from its...
Types of morphemes. Distributional classification of morphemes a) Semantically morphemes fall into two classes: root-morphemes and non-root or affixation al morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct...
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in Grammar Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence. The combination of two words or word-groups one...
Structural Classification of Sentences The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished...
Morphological structure of the english word If we describe a w o r d as an autonomous unit of language in which a particular meaning is...
Semantical structure of polysemantic words Polysemy is characteristic of most words in many languages. All the lexical and lexico-grammatical variants of a word taken together...
Native and Borrowed word Native are words of anglo-saxon origin brought to the English islands from the continent in the 5-th cent by the...
Compound words and their classification Compounds are words produced by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms. They may...
Functional styles and functional stylistics Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of...
Classifications of consonants in modern English Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants I. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of...
Classification of vowel in modern English Vowels are voiced sounds in forming which the airstream passes freely without any obstruction through the larynx the mouth cavity...
The category of number of nouns Modern English like most other languages distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. Plural and singular nouns stand in contrast as...
Part of speech in modern English The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called...
Non-Finite Forms (Verbids) The complicated structure and character of the verb has given rise to much dispute and controversy. The morphological field of...
Homonymy in Modern English. Split policemy Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different...
Рolysemy in Modern English It’s generally known that most words convey several concepts and thus possess the corresponding number of meanings. A word having...
Lexicology as a branch of linguistics Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language...
Theory of grammar as a branch of linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages which is characterized by the systemic approach to the object of its...