Изучение Английского языка

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1. Classification of functional styles, belles-lettres style A functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. In the English literary standard Galperin distinguishes the following...
2. Stylistics as a branch of linguistic Stylistics, sometimes called linguo-stylistics, is a branch of general linguistics. It deals mainly with two interdependent tasks: a) the investigation of the inventory of special language media which by their...
3. Theory of phonetics as a branch of linguistics The word «phonetics» is derived from the Greek «sound» and used in two different meanings: 1) to some authors, usually non-phoneticians, phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with...
4. Grammatical classes of words The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech»....
5. Periods of the English history According to English scientists Henry Sweet classified this periods are connected with the development of English endings. Henry Sweet classified them as 1.    The Period of Full Endings ,...
6. The subject and object of stylistics The subject of stylistics can be outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and, on the other, the study of...
7. Modern English Word formation Word formation is a branch of science of the language which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). Word formation is a...
8. Affixation Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of  speech....
9. Structural classification of Sentences The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order. We put the subject before the verb and the object after the predicate. The cook burnt the dinner....
10. French borrowings The Normans in England belonged to the Capetian dynasty spoke Norman French; this became non-prestigious in France as the variety spoken by the Angevian dynasty in France, Parisian French,...
11. Theory of grammar as a branch of linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages which is characterized by the systemic approach to the object of its investigation. Grammar is one of the main linguistic disciplines which...
12. Grammatical changes in the Middle English period Noun. The category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech. The category of number was preserved; it...
13. Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The expressive means of the language are studied respectively in manuals of phonetics, grammar, lexicology and stylistics. Stylistics, however, observes not only the nature of an expressive means, but also...
14. Semantic change There are many causes of semantic change: 1) Historical causes. According to historical principle, everything develops changes, social institutions change in the course of time,...
15. Latin borrowings Latin, being the language of the Roman Empire, had already influenced the language of the Germanic tribes even before they set foot in Britain. Latin loanwords reflected the superior material...
16. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The theory of sense — independence of separate sounds is based on a subjective interpretation of sound associations and has nothing to do with objective scientific data. However, the sound...
17. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Words in a context may acquire additional lexical meanings not fixed in the dictionaries, what we have called contextual meanings. The latter may sometimes deviate from the dictionary meaning to...
18. Regional variation of English British English Pronunciation Standards comprise English English, Welsh English, Scottish English and Northern Ireland English. English English 1. Southern accents. 1) Southern accents (Greater London, Cockney, Surray, Kent);...
19. Phraseology Phraseology received increasing attention in the English-speaking world. Linguistic competence also includes a familiarity with restricted collocations (like break the rules), idioms (like spill the beans in a non-literal sense)...
20. Syntactical, Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Groups of Syntactical Stylistic Devices: 1. Stylistic Inversion, Detached Construction, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Repetition, Enumeration,...
21. Shortened words and conversation in Modern English The shortening of words consists in substituting a part for a whole. The process of shortening isn’t confined only to words; many word-groups also become shortened in the process of...
22. Units of Language. Language Levels Language levels. The grammatical system of the English language, like of other Indo-European languages, is very complicated. It consists of smaller subdivisions, which are called systems too. In grammar they...
23. Types of narration. Author’s narrative dialogue A work of creative prose is never homogenous as to the form and essence of the information it carries. Both very much depend on the view point of the addresses?...
24. Types of morphemes. Distributional classification of morphemes a) Semantically morphemes fall into two classes: root-morphe­mes and non-root or affixation al morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct classes of morphemes due to the dif­ferent roles they play...
25. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in Grammar Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence. The combination of two words or word-groups one of which is modified by the other forms a unit...
26. Noun: the category of gender The word «noun» derives from the Latin nomen meaning «name», and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person,...
27. General characteristics of the verb A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action («bring», «read»), occurrence («to decompose» (itself), «to glitter»), or a state of being («exist», «live», «soak», «stand»). Depending on...
28. Structural Classification of Sentences The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic   pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. From the point of...
29. Semantical structure of polysemantic words Polysemy is characteristic of most words in many languages. All the lexical and lexico-grammatical variants of a word taken together form its semantic structure or semantic para­digm. Thus, in the...
30. Native and Borrowed word Native are words of anglo-saxon origin brought to the English islands from the continent in the 5-th cent by the Germ. tribes  (angles, saxons). Borrowings-the term is used to denote...
31. Functional styles and functional stylistics Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive...
32. Compound words and their classification Compounds are words produced by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms. They may be classified proceeding from different criteria: according to the parts...
33. Classifications of consonants in modern English Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants I. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation the English consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless....
34. Classification of vowel in modern English Vowels are voiced sounds in forming which the airstream passes freely without any obstruction through the larynx the mouth cavity make the vocal cords vibrate. Vowels are classified: in the...
35. Theories of syllable formation and syllable division There are different points of view on syllable formation) which aге briefly the following. «»The most ancient theory states that there are as many syllablies in a word as there...
36. British and American English British and American English are two main variants of English. Besides them there are : Canadian, Australian, Indian, New Zealand and other variants. They have some peculiarities in pronunciation, grammar...
37. Non-Finite Forms (Verbids) The complicated structure and character of the verb has given rise to much dispute and controversy. The morphological field of the English verb heterogeneous. It includes a number of groups...
38. Phraseology, classification of phraseological units 1. Phraseology, classification of phraseological units. Vinogradov’s classification of phraseological units: a) phraseological combinations (сочетания). b) unities (единства). c) fussions (сокращения)....
39. Synonyms and Antonyms Synonyms — are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some context. Look...
40. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the prop­erties of words as the main units of...