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Modern English Word formation

Word formation is a branch of science of the language which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). Word formation is a process of forming words by combining root & affixal morphemes.

2 major groups of word formation: 1) words, formed as grammatical syntagmas, combinations of full linguistic signs (types: compounding (словосложение), prefixation, suffixation, conversion, back derivation).
2) words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full linguistic signs. Ex.: expressive symbolism, blending, clipping, rhyme & some others.

Different types of word formation:

— COMPOUNDING is joining together 2 or more stems.
Types: 1) without a connecting element (headache, heartbreak); 2) with a vowel or consonant as a linking

element (speedometer, craftsman); 3) with a preposition or conjunction as a linking element down-and-out (опустошенный) son-in-law.
— PREFIXATION Prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words. But are themselves not with independent existence.
— SUFFIXATION A suffix is a derivative final element which is or was productive in forming new words. It has semantic value, but doesn’t occur as an independent speech use.
— CONVERSION (zero derivation) A certain stem is used for the formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being added.(Bag — to bag)
— BACK DERIVATION is deraving a new word, which is morphologically simpler from a more complex word. ( A babysitter — to babysit Television — to televise)
— PHONETIC SYMBOLISM is using characteristic speech sounds for name giving. Very often we imitate by the speech sounds what we hear: (tinkle, splash, t).
— CLIPPING Consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. ( Mathematics — maths)
— BLENDING is blending part of two words to form one word ( Smoke + fog = smog)

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