Главная ⇒ 📕Шпаргалки по английскому языку ⇒ Native and borrowed words

Native and borrowed words

Native Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogenous. It consists of two layers — the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words In fact native words comprise only 30% of the total number of words in the English vocabulary. The native words have a wider range of lexical and grammatical valency, they are highly polysemantic and productive in forming word clusters and set expressions.

Borrowings-the term is used to denote the process of adopting words from other languages and also the result of this process. Borrowed words or loanwords are words taken from another language and modified according to the patterns of the receiving language. In many cases a borrowed word especially one borrowed long ago is practically indistinguishable

from a native word without a thorough etymological analysis.

Source of borrowings. — is appliede to the lang from which particular words were taken into Engl. Original borrowings. — the term is applied to the language the word may be traced to. Assimilation — the process of the changing of the adopted words. A. of thr borrowings includes changes in: sound form; morphological strct; grammar charact-s; usage.

Completely assimilated borrowings — are the words which have undergone all types of Assimilation. They are active in word formation. Partially assim-d b. — the words which lack one of the types of A. They are subdivided into: borrow. not ass-d grammatically (nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek); borrow. not ass-d phonetically (contain peculiarities in stress, not standard for English); barbarisms — words from other lang. , used by English people in conversations or writing, but not assimilated in any way.

Why are words borrowed? Wars, conquests; trade, international and cultural relations; to fill the gap in vocabulary; words, which express some particular notion; enrichment of word groups (syn., ant…).

(1 votes, average: 5,00 out of 5)

Grammatical changes in the Middle English period Noun. The category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech. The category of number was preserved; it...
Etymological survey of Modern English The reason of borrowings: 1. to fill a gap in vocabulary «Potato»,»tomato» from Spanish when appeared in English (these vegetables)...
Grammatical classes of words The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech»....
Periods of the English history According to English scientists Henry Sweet classified this periods are connected with the development of English endings. Henry Sweet classified them as 1. The Period of Full Endings ,...
The subject and object of stylistics The subject of stylistics can be outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and, on the other, the study of...
Modern English Word formation Word formation is a branch of science of the language which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). Word formation is a...
Affixation Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech....
Structural classification of Sentences The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order. We put the subject before the verb and the object after the predicate. The cook burnt the dinner....
Polysemy in Modern English Most English words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the wealth of expressive resources of a language largely depends on the degree to which polysemy has developed in the...
The noun and its categories The noun is expression that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality or idea. It serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of...
Theory of grammar as a branch of linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages which is characterized by the systemic approach to the object of its investigation. Grammar is one of the main linguistic disciplines which...
Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The expressive means of the language are studied respectively in manuals of phonetics, grammar, lexicology and stylistics. Stylistics, however, observes not only the nature of an expressive means, but also...
Semantic change There are many causes of semantic change: 1) Historical causes. According to historical principle, everything develops changes, social institutions change in the course of time,...
Latin borrowings Latin, being the language of the Roman Empire, had already influenced the language of the Germanic tribes even before they set foot in Britain. Latin loanwords reflected the superior material...
Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The theory of sense — independence of separate sounds is based on a subjective interpretation of sound associations and has nothing to do with objective scientific data. However, the sound...
General characteristics of the verb According to content, verbs can be described as words denoting actions (e.g. to walk, to speak, to play), process (e.g. to sleep, to wait, to live), state (e.g. to be,...
Lexicography Lexicography is the study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language for the purpose of compilation in book form-in short, the process of dictionary...
Neologisms A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created («coined») — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology...
Syntactical, Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Groups of Syntactical Stylistic Devices: 1. Stylistic Inversion, Detached Construction, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Repetition, Enumeration,...
Как выучить иностранный язык Даже если вы ходите на курсы и прилежно выполняете домашние задания, следование этим пяти простым правилам поможет вам выучить любой язык. 1. Тратьте на это время. Самый важный фактор —...
Classifications of consonants in modern English Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants I. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation the English consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless....
Publicist style. Newspaper style. Belles-letters style The literary communication, most often (but not always) materialized in the written form, is not homogeneous, and proceeding from its function (purpose) we speak of different functional styles. As the...
Types of morphemes. Distributional classification of morphemes a) Semantically morphemes fall into two classes: root-morphemes and non-root or affixation al morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct classes of morphemes due to the different roles they play...
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in Grammar Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence. The combination of two words or word-groups one of which is modified by the other forms a unit...
Noun: the category of gender The word «noun» derives from the Latin nomen meaning «name», and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person,...
Structural Classification of Sentences The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. From the point of...
Morphological structure of the english word If we describe a w o r d as an autonomous unit of language in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and which is capable...
Semantical structure of polysemantic words Polysemy is characteristic of most words in many languages. All the lexical and lexico-grammatical variants of a word taken together form its semantic structure or semantic paradigm. Thus, in the...
Native and Borrowed word Native are words of anglo-saxon origin brought to the English islands from the continent in the 5-th cent by the Germ. tribes (angles, saxons). Borrowings-the term is used to denote...
Acoustic aspect of speech sounds Speech sounds can be analysed from the viewpoint of three aspects: (1) acoustic, (2) physiological and articulatory, (3) functional. Phonetics is connected with linguistic...
Functional styles and functional stylistics Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive...
Classification of vowel in modern English Vowels are voiced sounds in forming which the airstream passes freely without any obstruction through the larynx the mouth cavity make the vocal cords vibrate. Vowels are classified: in the...
Theories of syllable formation and syllable division There are different points of view on syllable formation) which aге briefly the following. «»The most ancient theory states that there are as many syllablies in a word as there...
The category of number of nouns Modern English like most other languages distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. Plural and singular nouns stand in contrast as diametrically opposite. Instances are not few, however, when their opposition...
Part of speech in modern English The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech». Words on the upper level of classification...
Non-Finite Forms (Verbids) The complicated structure and character of the verb has given rise to much dispute and controversy. The morphological field of the English verb heterogeneous. It includes a number of groups...
Phraseology, classification of phraseological units 1. Phraseology, classification of phraseological units. Vinogradov’s classification of phraseological units: a) phraseological combinations (сочетания). b) unities (единства). c) fussions (сокращения)....
Homonymy in Modern English. Split policemy Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning. bank, n.-a shore bank, n.-an institution for...
Рolysemy in Modern English It’s generally known that most words convey several concepts and thus possess the corresponding number of meanings. A word having several meanings is called polysemantic, and the ability of words...
Lexicology as a branch of linguistics Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the properties of words as the main units of...