Lexicography

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1. The noun and its categories The noun is expression that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality or idea. It serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of...
2. Theory of phonetics as a branch of linguistics The word «phonetics» is derived from the Greek «sound» and used in two different meanings: 1) to some authors, usually non-phoneticians, phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with...
3. Etymological survey of Modern English The reason of borrowings: 1. to fill a gap in vocabulary «Potato»,»tomato» from Spanish when appeared in English (these vegetables)...
4. Native and borrowed words Native Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogenous. It consists of two layers — the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words...
5. Grammatical classes of words The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech»....
6. Structural classification of Sentences The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order. We put the subject before the verb and the object after the predicate. The cook burnt the dinner....
7. French borrowings The Normans in England belonged to the Capetian dynasty spoke Norman French; this became non-prestigious in France as the variety spoken by the Angevian dynasty in France, Parisian French,...
8. Classification of functional styles, belles-lettres style A functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. In the English literary standard Galperin distinguishes the following...
9. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms and their types Synonyms are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects. In English there are a lot of synonyms, because there are many borrowings. There...
10. Polysemy in Modern English Most English words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the wealth of expressive resources of a language largely depends on the degree to which polysemy has developed in the...
11. Stylistics as a branch of linguistic Stylistics, sometimes called linguo-stylistics, is a branch of general linguistics. It deals mainly with two interdependent tasks: a) the investigation of the inventory of special language media which by their...
12. Grammatical changes in the Middle English period Noun. The category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech. The category of number was preserved; it...
13. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Words in a context may acquire additional lexical meanings not fixed in the dictionaries, what we have called contextual meanings. The latter may sometimes deviate from the dictionary meaning to...
14. Regional variation of English British English Pronunciation Standards comprise English English, Welsh English, Scottish English and Northern Ireland English. English English 1. Southern accents. 1) Southern accents (Greater London, Cockney, Surray, Kent);...
15. Phraseology Phraseology received increasing attention in the English-speaking world. Linguistic competence also includes a familiarity with restricted collocations (like break the rules), idioms (like spill the beans in a non-literal sense)...
16. General characteristics of the verb According to content, verbs can be described as words denoting actions (e.g. to walk, to speak, to play), process (e.g. to sleep, to wait, to live), state (e.g. to be,...
17. Neologisms A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created («coined») — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology...
18. Syntactical, Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Groups of Syntactical Stylistic Devices: 1. Stylistic Inversion, Detached Construction, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Repetition, Enumeration,...
19. Изучение Английского языка Изучение английского и вообще иностранных языков обширная и довольно таки интересная тема. На Английском языке разговаривает большая часть человечества. Английский является официальным языком таких стран как Англия, США, Канады, Мальты,...
20. Как выучить иностранный язык Даже если вы ходите на курсы и прилежно выполняете домашние задания, следование этим пяти простым правилам поможет вам выучить любой язык. 1. Тратьте на это время. Самый важный фактор —...
21. Compound words and their classification Compounds are words produced by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms. They may be classified proceeding from different criteria: according to the parts...
22. Units of Language. Language Levels Language levels. The grammatical system of the English language, like of other Indo-European languages, is very complicated. It consists of smaller subdivisions, which are called systems too. In grammar they...
23. Types of narration. Author’s narrative dialogue A work of creative prose is never homogenous as to the form and essence of the information it carries. Both very much depend on the view point of the addresses?...
24. Publicist style. Newspaper style. Belles-letters style The literary communication, most often (but not always) materialized in the written form, is not homogeneous, and pro­ceeding from its function (purpose) we speak of different functional styles. As the...
25. Types of morphemes. Distributional classification of morphemes a) Semantically morphemes fall into two classes: root-morphe­mes and non-root or affixation al morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct classes of morphemes due to the dif­ferent roles they play...
26. General characteristics of the verb A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action («bring», «read»), occurrence («to decompose» (itself), «to glitter»), or a state of being («exist», «live», «soak», «stand»). Depending on...
27. Structural Classification of Sentences The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic   pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. From the point of...
28. Morphological structure of the english word If we describe a w o r d as an autonomous unit of language in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and which is capable...
29. Semantical structure of polysemantic words Polysemy is characteristic of most words in many languages. All the lexical and lexico-grammatical variants of a word taken together form its semantic structure or semantic para­digm. Thus, in the...
30. Shortened words and conversation in Modern English The shortening of words consists in substituting a part for a whole. The process of shortening isn’t confined only to words; many word-groups also become shortened in the process of...
31. Functional styles and functional stylistics Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive...
32. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds Speech sounds can be analysed from the viewpoint of three as­pects: (1) acoustic, (2) physiological and articulatory, (3) functional. Phonetics is connected with linguistic...
33. Classifications of consonants in modern English Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants I. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation the English consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless....
34. British and American English British and American English are two main variants of English. Besides them there are : Canadian, Australian, Indian, New Zealand and other variants. They have some peculiarities in pronunciation, grammar...
35. The category of number of nouns Modern English like most other languages distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. Plural and singular nouns stand in contrast as diametrically opposite. Instances are not few, however, when their opposition...
36. Part of speech in modern English The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech». Words on the upper level of classification...
37. Synonyms and Antonyms Synonyms — are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some context. Look...
38. Homonymy in Modern English. Split policemy Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning. bank, n.-a shore  bank, n.-an institution for...
39. Рolysemy in Modern English It’s generally known that most words convey several concepts and thus possess the corresponding number of meanings. A word having several meanings is called polysemantic, and the ability of words...
40. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the prop­erties of words as the main units of...