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The Solar Empire — Солнечная империя

The Solar system is the place where we live. It contains the central star, which is called the Sun, nine planets with their own satellites, many comets, billions meteorites and thousands asteroids.
The closest planet to the Sun is Mercury. Mercury is hard to see from the Earth because it is so small and so close to the sun. At certain times of the year, it can be seen just after sunset or before sunrise. The rest of the time it is lost in the sun’s glare. Mean distance from the Sun is 58,000,000 km. Mercury’s diameter is 4880 km. The surface temperature of Mercury can rise up to 800 Р during the day and can fall up to -360 F during the night. Because of such difference in day and night temperatures there is no atmosphere. It is the Bible Hell. The year on Mercury lasts 88 days.
The second planet from the Sun is Venus. Venus, the brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon, is often visible for several hours just after sunset or before sunrise.

The entire planet is covered by thick clouds. The planet is dead because of huge greenhouse effect. The temperature under clouds can rise up to 900 F. There is no day and night because of thick clouds, covering Venus’s sky. Venus* diameter is 12 100 km. The year on Venus lasts 226 days. Both Venus and Mercury have no satellites.
Our planet is the third planet from the Sun. Its diameter is 12j 760 km. Mean distance from the Sun is 150 millions of kilometres. The only natural satellite, orbiting the Earth is the Moon.
The Moon is the closest astronomical body to the Earth and we know more about it than about any other object in the heavens. Many surface features are visible to the unaided eye on the Moon, and a pair of binoculars reveals a great amount of detail. A small telescope shows vast seas of lava, large mountain ranges and hundreds of craters of all sizes. Mean distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,400 km. The surface temperature of Moon can rise up to 248 F during the day and can fall up to -274 F during the night. The Moon’s diameter is 3476 km. Its mass is about 85 times smaller that the Earth
mass.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is about twice smaller than the Earth. Its diameter is 6,800 km. The year on Mars lasts 686 days. Mars appears reddish in our sky, even to the naked eye. This is caused by the rich content of rust (iron oxide) in the top soil. Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. Mean distance from the Sun is 228,000,000 km. Its surface temperature varies from 72 F to -271 F.
The fifth planet from the Sun is Jupiter. Jupiter is the Solar System’s largest planet. Its composition is more like a star than a planet. Jupiter’s diameter is 143,800 km. The Jupiter year is 11 years, 321 days long. Mean distance from the Sun is 778,000,000 km. Jupiter belongs to outer giant planets of the Solar System. Jupiter has 39 moons.
The sixth planet from the Sun is Saturn. Mean distance from the Sun is about one billion and a half kilometres. Its beauty in even small telescopes is breathtaking. This planet has rings. The rings consist of billions of particles, ranging from a few centimetres to a few meters in diameter. The sixth planet has about 30 moons.
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. The planet has a system of at least nine rings. Both Uranus and Saturn belong to giant planets. Uranus year is 84.01 years long, because the mean distance from the Sun is 2,870,000,000 km. Uranus has 21 satellites.
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. It is the last giant planet of the Solar System. It is similar in size, and composition to Uranus. The year on Neptune lasts about 165 years, because the average distance from the Sun is 5 billions and a half kilometres. Neptune has 14 satellites.
Pluto is the farthest planet from the Sun. The mean distance from the Sun is nearly 6 billion kilometres. Pluto is smal-s ler than the Moon. It is the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft. It has the only one known moon Charon.

Солнечная империя

Солнечная система — это место, где мы живем. Она содержит центральную звезду, которая называется Солнцем, девять планет с их собственными спутниками, много комет, миллиарды метеоритов и тысячи астероидов.
Самая близкая планета к Солнцу-Меркурий. Меркурий трудно увидеть с Земли, потому что он очень маленький и расположен очень близко к Солнцу. Иногда его можно заметить, но только после заката или перед восходом солнца. Остальную часть времени он не виден из-за яркого света солнца. Среднее расстояние от Солнца до Меркурия — 58 000 000 км. Диаметр Меркурия составляет 4880 км. Температура поверхности Меркурия в течение дня может подниматься до 800 градусов по Фаренгейту или падать до -360 градусов по Фаренгейту в течение ночи. Из-за такого различия дневной и ночной температуры на Меркурии нет никакой атмосферы. Это — библейский Ад. Год на Меркурии продолжается 88 дней.
Вторая планета от Солнца — Венера. Венера — самый яркий объект неба, если не считать Солнце и Луну. Ее часто можно наблюдать в течение нескольких часов сразу после заката или перед восходом солнца. Вся планета покрыта толстыми облаками. Из-за невероятного парникового эффекта, планета мертва. Температура под облаками может достигать 900 градусов по Фаренгейту* Из-за толстых облаков там нет ни дня, ни цочи. Диаметр Венеры составляет 12 100 зм. Год на Венере продолжается 226 дней. Ни Венера, ни Меркурий не имеют никаких спутников.
Наша планета является третьей по счету планетой от Солнца. Ее диаметр составляет 12 760 км. Среднее расстояние от Солнца составляет 150 миллионов километров. Единственный естественный спутник, обращающийся вокруг Земли, — это Луна.
Луна является самым близким астрономическим объектом к Земле, и мы знаем о ней больше, чем о любом другом объекте в небесах. Невооруженным глазом на Луне видно много особенностей ее поверхности, а в бинокль можно рассмотреть еще большее количество деталей. Маленький телескоп показывает обширные моря из лавы, большие горные цепи и сотни кратеров всех размеров. Среднее расстояние от Земли до Луны составляет 384 400 км. Поверхностная температура Луны в течение дня может достигать 248 градусов по Фаренгейту и может падать до -274 градусов по Фаренгейту в течение ночи. Диаметр Луны составляет 3476 км. Ее масса приблизительно в 85 раз меньше массы Земли.
Марс является четвертой планетой от Солнца. Он примерно вдвое меньше, чем Земля. Его диаметр составляет 6800 км. Год на Марсе продолжается 686 дней. Марс кажется красноватым в нашем небе, даже невооруженному глазу. Это вызвано богатым содержанием окисла железа на поверхности планеты. Марс имеет две маленьких луны: Фобос и Деймос. Среднее расстояние от Солнца составляет 228 000 000 км. Температура его поверхности изменяется от 72 градусов по Фаренгейту до -271 градусов по Фаренгейту.
Пятой планетой от Солнца является Юпитер. Юпитер — это самая большая планета Солнечной системы. Его состав напоминает скорее состав звезды, чем планеты. Диаметр Юпитера составляет 143 800 км. Юпитерианский год длится 11 лет 321 день. Среднее расстояние от Солнца — 778 000 000 км. Юпитер принадлежит к внешним гигантским планетам Солнечной системы. У Юпитера 39 лун.
Шестая планета от Солнца — Сатурн. Среднее расстояние от Солнца составляет приблизительно один миллиард пятьсот миллионов километров. Его красота, даже в маленьких телескопах, захватывает дух. Эта планета имеет кольца. Кольца состоят из миллиардов частиц размером от нескольких сантиметров до нескольких метров в диаметре. Шестая планета имеет 30 лун.
Уран — седьмая планета от Солнца. Планета имеет систему по крайней мере из девяти колец. И Уран и Сатурн принадлежат к гигантским планетам. Год на Уране длится 84 земных года, потому что среднее расстояние от Солнца составляет 2 870 000 000 км. У Урана имеется 21 спутник.
Нептун является восьмой планетой от Солнца. Это — последняя гигантская планета Солнечной системы. Он подобен Урану по размеру и составу. Год на Нептуне продолжается приблизительно 165 земных лет, потому что среднее расстояние от Солнца составляет 5 с половиной миллиардов километров. Нептун имеет 14 спутников.
Плутон является самой отдаленной планетой от Солнца. Среднее расстояние от Солнца около б миллиардов километров. Плутон меньше Луны. Это единственная планета, которую не посещали космические корабли.

Questions:

1. How many planets are there in the Solar System?
2. What is the closest planet to the Sun?
3. How long does Mercury’s year last?
4. What is the second planet from the Sun?
5. How long does Venus’ year last?
6. How many satellites have Venus and Mercury?
7. What is the closest astronomical body to the Earth?
8. What is the fourth planet from the Sun?
9. Why does Mars appear reddish in our sky?
10. How long does Mars’ year last?
11. What are outer giant planets of the Solar System?
12. What is the farthest planet from the Sun?
13. What planets of the Solar System have rings?
14. What is the Solar System’s largest planet?

Vocabulary:

To contain — содержать в себе, включать, иметь в своем составе
satellite — астроН. сателлит, спутник
asteroid — астрон. астероид; малая планета
Mercury — астрон. планета Меркурий
hard — трудно
sunset — заход солнца
sunrise — восход солнца
glare — блеск, сияние
to rise (past rose, p. p. risen) — подниматься (о температуре)
to fall (past fell, p. p. fallen) — падать (о температуре)
to last — длиться
Venus — астрон. планета Венера
bright — яркий
the Moon — Луна
huge — большой, гигантский, громадный, огромный
greenhouse effect — парниковый эффект
to orbit — вращаться вокруг
heaven — небеса, небо
unaided eye — невооруженный глаз
binoculars — бинокль
to reveal — обнаруживать, показывать
vast — обширный, громадный; безбрежный
mean — средний
surface — поверхность
to appear — зд. являться
reddish — красноватый
naked eye — невооруженный глаз
rust — ржавый
Phobos — Фобос
Deimos — Деймос
Jupiter — астрон. Юпитер
outer giant planet — внешние планеты-гиганты
Saturn — астрон. планета Сатурн
particle — частица
Uranus — астрон. планета Уран
Neptune — астрон. планета Нептун
similar — подобный, похожий
Pluto — астрон. планета Плутон
Charon — Харон

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