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Human Evolution — Человеческая эволюция

Evolution is the complexity of processes by which living organisms established on the earth and have been expanded and modified through changes in form and function. Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of the species Homo sapiens or human beings. Humans evolved from apes, because of their similarities. This can be shown in the evidence. Early humans are classified in ten different types of families.
Humans belong to the mammalian family Primates — In this arrangement, humans, along with our extinct close ancestors, and our nearest living relatives, the African apes, are sometimes placed together in the family Hominidae, because of genetic similarities. Two-leg walking seems to be one of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics. In the course of human evolution, the size of the brain has been more than tripled. The increase in brain size may be related to changes in human being behaviour. The third major trend in hominine development is the

gradual decrease in the size of the face and teeth.
Between 7 and 20 million years ago, primitive apelike animals were widely distributed on the African and on the Eurasian continents.
Ancestors of modern humans are divided into the category Australopithecus and Homo. They appeared about 5 million years ago.
The history of human being begins with the australopithecines. All the australopithecines were bipedal and therefore possible hominines. They divided into five species.
Genus Homo is also divided in five different groups. According to Britannica Encyclopedia, Australopithecus already lived in Kenya about 4 million years ago. This australopithecine had a brain size a little larger than chimpanzees. No tools of any kind have been found with this distant human ancestor.
According to Encarta Encyclopedia, Homo erectus lived from about 1,8 million to 30,000 years ago. Until recently, Homo erectus was considered an evolutionary ancestor of modern humans, or Homo sapiens. Homo erectus had a larger brain than earlier hominines. Homo erectus was also taller, with an evenly face and smaller teeth. Scientists
believe this species lived in Africa between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago. Homo habilis is the earliest known member of the genus Homo. Homo habilis had a larger brain than australopithecines. Australopithecines had long arms and short legs, similar to those of apes. Homo habilis was taller than australopithecines, but shorter than Homo erectus. Homo sapiens are not identical in aspect with modern humans. Homo sapiens first appeared more than 90,000 years ago.
But there is an oppositional point of view. There is a theory that human ancestors were not apes. People were always humans, although they were smarter and-larger than humans are today. According to this theory, evolutionary theory is a myth. God created everything. People that believe in creation-ism say that if man descended from ape-like creatures, then humans should be like them. Yet humans have very different DNA. The number of vortebrae in our backbone is different. Human cranial capacity is totally different.
But no evidence is available about human remains from earlier times, which support evolutionary theory. There is evidence that ancient people lived in homes at the same time that others were living under trees or in caves.
The theory of evolution is the most reasonable theory today and is actual living proof that humans did evolve from apes and why the environmental adaptations have made humans the dominant creatures on the earth.

Человеческая эволюция

Эволюция — это совокупность процессов, позволивших живым организмам выйти на сушу и распространиться по ней, изменяясь как по форме, так и функционально. Человеческая эволюция — это биологическое и культурное развитие разновидности Гомо сапиенс, или человека. Люди произошли от обезьян, из-за нашего с ними подобия. Это можно доказать. Ранние люди делятся на десять разных семейств.
Люди принадлежат к отряду млекопитающих, семье приматов. В этой классификации, из-за соответствия наших генов, люди, наряду с нашими исчезнувшими близкими прародителями и живущими и по сей день африканскими человекообразными обезьянами, иногда размещаются вместе в семействе гоминидов. Хождение на двух ногах — данная отличительная черта, кажется, одна из первых характеристик человека. В ходе человеческой эволюции размер мозга увеличился более чем в три раза. Увеличение размера мозга может быть связано с изменениями в поведении человека. Третья главная тенденция в развитии человека — это постепенное уменьшение размера лица и зубов.
От 7 до 20 миллионов лет назад примитивные обезьяноподобные животные были широко распространены на африканском и евразийском континентах.
Предки современных людей делятся на категорию австралопитек и гомо. Они появились приблизительно 5 миллионов лет назад.
История человека начинается с австралопитеков. Все австралопитеки были двуногими и поэтому, возможно, человекоподобными. Они делятся на пять разновидностей.
Род гомо также разделен на пять различных групп. Согласно энциклопедии Британика, австралопитеки уже жили в Кении приблизительно 4 миллиона лет назад. Этот австралопитек имел размер мозга немногим больше «чем мозг шимпанзе. С этим дальним предком человека не было найдено ни одного орудия труда.
Согласно энциклопедии Энкарта, Гомо эректус (человек прямоходящий) жил приблизительно от 1,8 миллиона до 30 000 лет назад. До недавнего времени человек прямоходящий рассматривался начальным звеном эволюции современного человека, или Гомо сапиенс (человека разумного); Мозг Гомо эректус был больше, чем мозг у ранних человекоподобных. Гомо эректус был также выше ростом, с симметричным лицом и меньшего размера зубами. Ученые считают, что эта разновидность жила в Африке от 2 до 1,5 миллиона лет назад. Гомо абилис (человек умелый) был самым ранним представителем рода гомо. Мозг Гомо абилис был больше, чем мозг австралопитека. Австралопитек, подобно обезьянам, имел длинные руки и короткие ноги. Гомо абилис был выше, чем австралопитек, но ниже, чем Гомо эректус. Гомо сапиенс (человек разумный) не идентичен с точки зрения внешнего вида с современными людьми. Гомо сапиенс впервые появился более чем 90 000 лет назад.
Но имеется и противоположная точка зрения. Существует теория, по которой человекоподобные обезьяны не были предком человека. Люди всегда были людьми, хотя и были умнее и больше современных людей. Согласно этой теории, эволюционная теория — это миф. Все было создано Богом. Люди, которые верят в креационизм, говорят, что если человек произошел от обезьяноподобных созданий, то люди должны быть подобны им. Но ДНК человека сильно отличается от ДНК обезьян. Число позвонков в нашем позвоночнике другое. Объем человеческого черепа совершенно другой.
Но нет никаких доказательств наличия человеческих останков более ранних времен, которые подтвердили бы эволюционную теорию. Имеется доказательство, что одни древние люди жили в домах, в то же самое время другие древние люди жили под деревьями или в пещерах.
Эволюционная теория — наиболее приемлемая на сегодняшний день теория и, фактически, живое доказательство того, что люди произошли от обезьян и почему наша адаптация к окружающей среде сделала людей доминирующими созданиями на земле.

Questions:

1. What is evolution?
2. What is human evolution?
3. What family do humans belong to?
4. What are the three major trends in hominine development?
5. When did primitive apelike animals live?
6. Who was the most ancient ancestor of modern humans?
7. When did Homo erectus live?
8. Who was the earliest known member of the genus Homo?
9. What is an oppositional point of view?

Vocabulary:

Complexity of processes — совокупность процессов
to expand — зд. распространиться, расшириться
to modify — измениться; усовершенствоваться
Homo sapiens — Гомо сапиенс (лат. человек разумный)
human being — человеческое существо, человек
to evolve — развиваться, эволюционировать
аре — человекообразная обезьяна, обезьяна
evidence — доказательство
to belong to — принадлежать к
mammalian — отряд млекопитающих
family Primates — семья приматов
extinct — исчезнувший, вымерший
ancestors — предок, предшественник
family Hominidae — семья гоминидов
two-leg walking — зд. двуногий
apelike animals — животные наподобие человекоподобных обезьян
Australopithecus — австралопитеки
bipedal — двуногий
hominines — зд. человекоподобные
Britannica Encyclopedia — энциклопедия Британика
brain size — размер мозга
chimpanzee — шимпанзе
tools — зд. орудия труда
according to — согласно чему-л., в соответствии с
Encarta Encyclopedia — энциклопедия Энкарта
Homo erectus — Гомо эректус (лат. человек прямоходящий)
Homo habilis — Гомо абилис (лат. человек умелый);
aspect — внешний вид
smart — умный, разумный
creationism — креационизм («теория творения»)
to descend from — происходить от
DNA — ДНК
vertebrae — позвонок
backbone — позвоночник
human cranial capacity — объем человеческого черепа
human remains — человеческие останки
environmental adaptations — приспособление к окружающей среде
dominant creatures — доминирующими/господствующими созданиями

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