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The Rise of Moscow — Возвышение Москвы

In the early 1300’s, Prince Yuri of Moscow married the sister of the Golden Hordes khan (ruler).
Yuri was appointed the Russian grand prince about 1318.
Mongol troops helped him put down threats to his leadership from other principalities.
The Mongols also began letting the grand prince of Moscow collect taxes for them.
This practice started with Ivan I (called the Moneybag) about 1330.
Ivan kept some of the tax money.
He bought much land and expanded his territory greatly. Other princes and boyars (high-ranking landowners) began to serve in Moscow’s army and government.
In addition, Ivan persuaded the chief bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church to remain in Moscow. Until then, Kiev had been the spiritual centre of Russia.
Moscow grew stronger and richer as the Golden Horde grew weaker, chiefly because of struggles for leadership.
In 1380, Grand Prince Dmitri defeated a Mongol force in the Battle of Kulikovo, near the

Don River. The victory briefly freed Moscow of Mongol control. The Mongols recaptured Moscow in 1382, but they no longer believed they could not be beaten.
During the late 1400’s, Moscow became the most powerful Russian city. Ivan III (called Ivan the Great) won control of Moscow’s main rivals, Novgorod and Tver, and great numbers of boyars entered his service. In 1480, Ivan made the final break from Mongol control by refusing to pay taxes to the Golden Horde. Mongol troops moved toward Moscow but turned back to defend their capital from Russian attack.

Возвышение Москвы

В начале 1300-х московский князь Юрий женился на сестре хана (правителя) Золотой Орды.
Приблизительно в 1318 г. Юрий был назначен русским великим князем.
Монгольские войска помогли ему подавить угрозы его главенству со стороны других княжеств.
Монголы также позволили великому

московскому князю взимать пошлину для них.
Эта практика началась с Ивана I (названного Калита) приблизительно в 1330 г.
Иван удерживал часть пошлинных денег.
Он купил много земли и очень расширил свою территорию. Другие князья и бояре (высокопоставленные землевладельцы) начали служить в московской армии и правительстве.
Кроме того, Иван убедил главного епископа Русской православной церкви остаться в Москве. До этого духовным центром России был Киев.
Москва становилась более сильной и более богатой, поскольку Золотая Орда становилась более слабой, в основном из-за борьбы за главенство.
В 1380 г. Великий царевич Дмитрий победил монгольское войско в Куликовской битве около реки Дон. Победа не надолго освободила Москву от монгольского ига. Монголы возвратились в Москву в 1382 г., но они больше не верили, что могут не быть разбиты.
В течение второй половины 1400-х Москва стала самым сильным российским городом. Иван III (названный Иваном Великим) завоевал контроль над главными соперниками Москвы, Новгородом и Тверью, и большое число бояр перешло на службу к нему. В 1480 г. Иван окончательно вырвался из-под Монгольского контроля, отказавшись заплатить дань Золотой Орде. Войска монголов двинулись на Москву, но возвратились, чтобы защитить свою столицу от российского нападения.

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