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The History of UN — История Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН)

The term «United Nations» was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the January 1, 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term «United Nations Fighting Forces » to refer to their alliance.
The idea for the United Nations was elaborated in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to elaborate the plans in Washington, D. C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation.

These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.
On April 25,1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the Governments, a number-of non-government organizations were invited to assist in the drafting of the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on June 26. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, but for which a place among the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The UN came into existence on October 24,1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council — Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.
The United Nations headquarters building was constructed in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5 million dollar donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and designed
by architect Oscar Niemeyer. UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the principal headquarters of the UN are in New York, there are major agencies located in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.
UN membership is open to all peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgement of the organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.

История Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН)

Термин «Организация Объединенных Наций» (ООН) был придуман Франклином Рузвельтом в его обращениях к союзникам. Первое формальное использование этого термина прошло 1 января 1942 года. В декларации Объединенных Наций 1942 года связал союзников с принципами Атлантического договора и обязал их добиться сепаратного мира с государствами Оси. После чего союзники использовали термин «боевые силы Объединенных Наций» в обращении к своим союзникам.
Идея Объединенных Наций была выработана в декларациях, подписанных во время войны на конференциях союзников в Москве, Каире и Тегеране в 1943 году. С августа по октябрь 1944 года представители Франции, Республики Китай, Великобритании, США и СССР встретились в Вашингтоне, округ
Колумбия, для выработки планов. Эти, а также последующие переговоры и предложения выстроили цели организации, ее органов и членов этой организации, а также договоренности о поддержании мира и безопасности, международного экономического и социального сотрудничества. Данные предложения обсуждались и оспаривались правительствами и частными лицами по всему миру.
25 апреля 1945 года в Сан-Франциско началась конференция ООН. Помимо правительств, были приглашены многочисленные неправительственные организации для выработки Устава ООН. Пятьдесят государств, присутствовавших на конференции, двумя месяцами позже, 26 июня подписали Устав ООН. Польша, не присутствовавшая на конференции, но для которой место среди стран-основательниц было зарезервировано, добавила свое имя позже, доведя, таким образом, число стран — основательниц организации до 51 государства. ООН появилась 24 октября 1945 года после ратификации Устава ООН пятью постоянными членами Совета безопасности — Республика Китая, СССР, Великобритания, Франция и США — и большинством других стран-основательниц.
Здание штаб-квартиры ООН было построено в Нью-Йорке в 1949-50 годах возле реки Ист-Ривер на земле, приобретенной за 8,5 миллиона долларов, подаренных Д. Рокфеллером-младшим. Здание было спроектировано архитектором Оскаром Нимейером. Штаб-квартира официально открылась 9 января 1951 года. В то время как главная штаб-квартира ООН находится в Нью-Йорке, есть также основные агентства в Женеве, Гааге, Вене, Монреале, Бонне.
Членство в ООН открыто для любой миролюбивой страны, которая принимает требования Устава Организации Объединенных Наций, и по суждению этой организации способна и жаждет выполнять эти обязательства.

Questions:

1. Who coined the term » United Nations » ?
2. When was the first formal use of the term «United Nations»?
3. When and where was the United Nations headquarters building constructed?
4. Who donated this construction?
5. Who designed the United Nations headquarters building?
6. How many nations were at the conference in San Francisco in 1945?
7. Why are there 51 founders of the UN instead of 50?
8. What country was not represented at the conference?

Vocabulary:

Term — термин
to coin — измышлять, выдумывать, замышлять
to refer — приписывать (чему-л.); относить на счет (чего-л.); иметь отношение, относиться; касаться; ссылаться, опираться (на кого-л./что-л., чьи-л. слова и т. п. — to)
the Allies — союзники
formal — относящийся к внешней стороне (вопроса, проблемы), формальный; официальный
declaration — декларация, заявление
to commit — совершать (обычно выходящее за какие-л. рамки действие и т. п.); вверять, поручать; передавать законопроект в парламентскую комиссию
principle — принцип
Atlantic Charter — зд. Североатлантический договор
to pledge — давать торжественное обещание; заверять, обещать, клясться
to seek (прош. вр. — sought; прич. прош. вр. — sought)- искать, разыскивать; разузнавать; добиваться, стремиться
separate peace — сепаратный мир
Axis powers — страны Оси (Германия с союзниками)
to elaborate — детально разрабатывать, обдумывать; конкретизировать, развивать, уточнять
to sign — подписывать(ся), ставить подпись; одобрить
talks — переговоры
proposal — предложение; план
to outline — нарисовать контур; очертить; обрисовать, наметить в общих чертах
purpose — зд. цель
arrangement-договоренность, соглашение; разрешение (спора); урегулирование; мн. ч. мера, мероприятие, приготовление
to maintain — поддерживать, защищать, отстаивать (закон, теорию, мнение и т. п.); содержать; поддерживать, подкреплять, не дать прекратиться
to debate — обсуждать, дискутировать, полемизировать; спорить (about, on, upon — о чем-л.; with — с кем-л.); обдумывать; рассматривать (что-л.); думать (about — о чем-л.), размышлять (над чем-л.)
worldwide — общемировой, во всем мире
to assist — помогать, содействовать, способствовать, оказывать помощь
to draft — писать черновик, делать прикидку, набросок; отбирать, выбирать (предмет из ряда подобных)
to reserve — запасать, откладывать, беречь, сберегать, приберегать, сохранять; бронировать, заказывать заранее
existence — бытие, жизнь; существование
to ratify — ратифицировать; одобрять, санкционировать; утверждать; скреплять (подписью, печатью)
permanent — постоянный, неизменный; долговременный; перманентный
majority — большинство
headquarters — штаб; штаб-квартира
to construct — строить, сооружать; воздвигать; конструировать (from/of/out of)
beside — рядом с; близ, около
to purchase — приобретать, покупать; получать; заслуживать
donation — дар, подарок, подношение; денежное пожертвование (to)
to design — задумывать, придумывать, разрабатывать; замышлять; намереваться, собираться (сделать что-л.)
to locate — определять место, местонахождение; располагать в определенном месте; назначать место (для постройки и т. п.); помещать, размещать
to accept — принимать, брать; соглашаться; допускать, признавать; принимать, мириться
obligation — гарантия, обязательство; обязанность; долг
the UN Charter — Устав ООН
judgement — приговор, решение, заключение суда; критика, оценка; осуждение, порицание (of, on, upon);
to will — проявлять волю; желать, хотеть; завещать, отказывать, отписывать
to fulfill — выполнять; делать, исполнять, осуществлять, совершать; завершать, заканчивать, оканчивать

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