Biological warfare is the use of any bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war to incapacitate or kill an adversary. The use of biological agents for military purposes is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took two main forms. The first is deliberate poisoning of food and water

British and American families are small. In fact the populations of both Britain and the USA have stopped growing. The typical family has a father, mother and two children. Grandparents come to visit, but do not usually live with their children. Most people get married between the ages of 20 and 23 but many marriages end in divorce. This means

I have many friends. I like my friends. When we gather, we play computer games, chat, make lots of noise. I like noise. To my mind, people should have many friends as possible, because if you have not friends, you just become very dull and boring person. It is fine when you have friends, who are able to understand you

Diana Spencer was born on the first of July 1961 in Sandringham in England. She had two older sisters and a younger brother. In childhood she liked games, swimming, running and dancing. She wanted to become a dancer. Besides she loved children very much and at the age of sixteen she worked in schools for very young children. Diana became

Sport is an integral part of education in American schools and universities. Students usually learn two or more ball games, like football, rugby or basketball. Then at high school the best players in every school form teams. Every team has its own symbol and a supporting group which is called cheerleaders. Girls who are cheerleaders usually wear clothes in the

‘Funny weather we are having’ is a statment of the obvious wehave used for generations as a greeting. When the deep cold lastslong and heavy snow and blizzards give us the shivers we replace»funny» with something stronger, such as «terrible», «ghastly».At times like these people ask what is happening to the weather. So we go to the experts, who tells

People usually go to the shop two or three times a week to buy food. Less frequently people go shopping to buy clothes, usually it is women and teenagers. And everywhere you go, you’ll find adverts. There are many varieties of adverts: on TV, on radio, in magazines, on streets and so on. You can see your favorite sportsman or

The term «United Nations» was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the January 1, 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the

People have dreamed of travelling in space for thousands of years. But it was not until 1957 that it became a reality. On October 4, 1957 the USSR launched the first man-made satellite into space. It was called Sputnik 1. On April 12, 1961 the soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to orbit the Earth. The first spacewoman

Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July, 1961 in the estate of the Spencers in Norfolk. Diana’s parents were from aristocratic families: her father’s name is Viscount Althrop and her mother’s name is Frances Roche. The ancestors of her father Earl Spencer were relatives of a royal dynasty. The mother had a noble title too. When Diana was six,

There are about 3,000 colleges and universities, both private and public, in the United States. They are all independent, offering their own choice of studies, setting their own admission standards and deciding which students meet those standards. The greater the prestige of the university, the higher the grades required. The terms «college» and «university» are often used interchangeably, as «college»

«Do you speak English?» — with this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different languages and want to find a common language. It’s very good when you hear: «Yes, I do», and start talking. People of different countries and nations have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with

There are eight public, or bank holidays in Great Britain, that is, days when banks and offices are closed. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year’s Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Mayday, Spring Bank Holiday and Late Summer Bank Holiday. The observance of these days is no longer limited to banks. All the public holidays, except Christmas Day and

St valentine’s Day comes on February 14. It is not a legal or a national holiday. Banks and offices are not closed, but it is a happy little festival for young people. It is widely celebrated among people of all ages by exchange of «valentines». A «valentine» may mean a special greeting-card or a little present. It may be for

What do you want to be when you grow up? We have heard this question many times during our school years. Perhaps, it was difficult for us to give a definite answer earlier. But now we understand that the time to choose our future profession has come. Finishing school is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school-leavers.

First of all, grammar is a main component of any language in the world. Without grammar, you can’t understand, for example, the time of action whether it happened in the past or in the present. So, it has a fundamental role in the language. Really, it is beyond description how much important to know the grammar for the perfect use

The United States is rich in the variety of its native forest trees, some of which, as the species of sequoia, are the most massive known. More than 1,000 species and varieties have been described, of which almost 200 are of economic value. A coniferous forest of white and red pine, hemlock, spruce, and balsam fir extends interruptedly in a

Quick quiz: How many planets orbit our Sun? If you said nine, you’re shy by several thousand. Scientists consider asteroids to be minor planets — some are hundreds of miles wide (and seldom round). Orbits Most, but not all, orbit the sun in an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The huge gravitational pull of Jupiter accelerated these asteroids to

The celebration of All Saints Day or just Halloween takes place on October 31st. The tradition of Halloween began in the fifth century B. C. This day the Irish Celts celebrated their New Year at that time, because they organized their year according to the agricultural calendar and marked the transition from one year to the next on October 31.

1). They say, «Health is above wealth». 2). Thousands of people consider sports to be very helpful in gaining good health. 3). That’s why every country pays much attention to developing sports. 4). It is sport that helps to bring up physically strong, strong-willed, courageous and energetic people. 5). Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find time forgoing in for