Главная ⇒ 📕Шпаргалки по английскому языку ⇒ Acoustic aspect of speech sounds


Acoustic aspect of speech sounds

Speech sounds can be analysed from the viewpoint of three as­pects: (1) acoustic, (2) physiological and articulatory, (3) functional.

Phonetics is connected with linguistic and non-linguistic sciences: acoustics, physiology, psychology, etc. Speech sounds have a number of physical properties, the first of them is frequency, i.e. the number of vibrations per second.

The vocal cords vibrate along the whole of their length, producing fundamental frequency, and along the varying portions of their length, producing overtones, or harmonics. When the vibrations pro­duced by the vocal cords are regular they produce the acoustic impression of voice or musical tone. When they are irregular noise is produced. When there is a combination of tone and noise, either noise or tone prevails. When tone prevails over noise sonorants are produced. When noise prevails over

tone voiced consonants are produced.

The complex range of frequencies which make up the quality of a sound is known as the acoustic spectrum.

The second physical property of sound is intensity. Changes in intensity are perceived as variation in the loudness of a sound. The greater the amplitude of vibration, the greater the intensity of a sound; the greater the pressure on the ear-drums, the louder the sound. Intensity is measured in decibels (dbs).

Although acoustic descriptions, definitions and classifications of speech sounds are considered to be more precise than articulatory ones, they are practically inapplicable in language teaching, because the acoustic features of speech sounds cannot be seen directly or felt by the language learner. Acoustic descriptions, however, can be ap­plied in the fields of technical acoustics. They are also of great theo­retical value.

The research work made in acoustic phonetics is connected with 1) the methods of speech synthesis and perceptual

experiment for the study of cues of phonemic distinctions and for the exploration of dif­ferences in tone and stress; 2) the design of speech recognizing ma­chines, the teaching of languages, the diagnosis and treatment of patho­logical conditions involving speech and language.

The future work in acoustic phonetics will be connected with brain functioning and ar­tificial intelligence. «Experimentation will involve the whole of speech programming and processing, including the relations between the acoustic level of speech and operations at the grammatical, syn­tactical, lexical and phonological levels.»

1 звезда2 звезды3 звезды4 звезды5 звезд (1 votes, average: 5,00 out of 5)


Related posts:

  1. Classification of Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices The expressive means of the language are studied respectively in manuals of phonetics, grammar, lexicology and stylistics. Stylistics, however, observes not only the nature of an expressive means, but also...
  2. Grammatical classes of words The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech»....
  3. Periods of the English history According to English scientists Henry Sweet classified this periods are connected with the development of English endings. Henry Sweet classified them as 1.    The Period of Full Endings ,...
  4. Structural classification of Sentences The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order. We put the subject before the verb and the object after the predicate. The cook burnt the dinner....
  5. French borrowings The Normans in England belonged to the Capetian dynasty spoke Norman French; this became non-prestigious in France as the variety spoken by the Angevian dynasty in France, Parisian French,...
  6. Classification of functional styles, belles-lettres style A functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. In the English literary standard Galperin distinguishes the following...
  7. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms and their types Synonyms are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects. In English there are a lot of synonyms, because there are many borrowings. There...
  8. Polysemy in Modern English Most English words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the wealth of expressive resources of a language largely depends on the degree to which polysemy has developed in the...
  9. The noun and its categories The noun is expression that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality or idea. It serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of...
  10. Grammatical changes in the Middle English period Noun. The category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech. The category of number was preserved; it...
  11. Native and borrowed words Native Etymologically the vocabulary of the English language is far from being homogenous. It consists of two layers — the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words...
  12. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Words in a context may acquire additional lexical meanings not fixed in the dictionaries, what we have called contextual meanings. The latter may sometimes deviate from the dictionary meaning to...
  13. Regional variation of English British English Pronunciation Standards comprise English English, Welsh English, Scottish English and Northern Ireland English. English English 1. Southern accents. 1) Southern accents (Greater London, Cockney, Surray, Kent);...
  14. Phraseology Phraseology received increasing attention in the English-speaking world. Linguistic competence also includes a familiarity with restricted collocations (like break the rules), idioms (like spill the beans in a non-literal sense)...
  15. General characteristics of the verb According to content, verbs can be described as words denoting actions (e.g. to walk, to speak, to play), process (e.g. to sleep, to wait, to live), state (e.g. to be,...
  16. Lexicography Lexicography is the study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language for the purpose of compilation in book form-in short, the process of dictionary...
  17. Neologisms A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created («coined») — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology...
  18. Syntactical, Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Groups of Syntactical Stylistic Devices: 1. Stylistic Inversion, Detached Construction, Parallel Construction, Chiasmus, Repetition, Enumeration,...
  19. Изучение Английского языка Изучение английского и вообще иностранных языков обширная и довольно таки интересная тема. На Английском языке разговаривает большая часть человечества. Английский является официальным языком таких стран как Англия, США, Канады, Мальты,...
  20. Как выучить иностранный язык Даже если вы ходите на курсы и прилежно выполняете домашние задания, следование этим пяти простым правилам поможет вам выучить любой язык. 1. Тратьте на это время. Самый важный фактор —...
  21. British and American English British and American English are two main variants of English. Besides them there are : Canadian, Australian, Indian, New Zealand and other variants. They have some peculiarities in pronunciation, grammar...
  22. Types of narration. Author’s narrative dialogue A work of creative prose is never homogenous as to the form and essence of the information it carries. Both very much depend on the view point of the addresses?...
  23. Publicist style. Newspaper style. Belles-letters style The literary communication, most often (but not always) materialized in the written form, is not homogeneous, and pro­ceeding from its function (purpose) we speak of different functional styles. As the...
  24. Types of morphemes. Distributional classification of morphemes a) Semantically morphemes fall into two classes: root-morphe­mes and non-root or affixation al morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct classes of morphemes due to the dif­ferent roles they play...
  25. General characteristics of the verb A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action («bring», «read»), occurrence («to decompose» (itself), «to glitter»), or a state of being («exist», «live», «soak», «stand»). Depending on...
  26. Structural Classification of Sentences The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic   pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. From the point of...
  27. Morphological structure of the english word If we describe a w o r d as an autonomous unit of language in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and which is capable...
  28. Shortened words and conversation in Modern English The shortening of words consists in substituting a part for a whole. The process of shortening isn’t confined only to words; many word-groups also become shortened in the process of...
  29. Compound words and their classification Compounds are words produced by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms. They may be classified proceeding from different criteria: according to the parts...
  30. Classifications of consonants in modern English Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants I. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation the English consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless....
  31. Units of Language. Language Levels Language levels. The grammatical system of the English language, like of other Indo-European languages, is very complicated. It consists of smaller subdivisions, which are called systems too. In grammar they...
  32. The category of number of nouns Modern English like most other languages distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. Plural and singular nouns stand in contrast as diametrically opposite. Instances are not few, however, when their opposition...
  33. Part of speech in modern English The words of language are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The traditional grammatical classes or words are called «parts of speech». Words on the upper level of classification...
  34. Non-Finite Forms (Verbids) The complicated structure and character of the verb has given rise to much dispute and controversy. The morphological field of the English verb heterogeneous. It includes a number of groups...
  35. Synonyms and Antonyms Synonyms — are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some context. Look...
  36. Homonymy in Modern English. Split policemy Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning. bank, n.-a shore  bank, n.-an institution for...
  37. Рolysemy in Modern English It’s generally known that most words convey several concepts and thus possess the corresponding number of meanings. A word having several meanings is called polysemantic, and the ability of words...
  38. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the prop­erties of words as the main units of...
  39. Theory of phonetics as a branch of linguistics The word «phonetics» is derived from the Greek «sound» and used in two different meanings: 1) to some authors, usually non-phoneticians, phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with...
  40. Etymological survey of Modern English The reason of borrowings: 1. to fill a gap in vocabulary «Potato»,»tomato» from Spanish when appeared in English (these vegetables)...
Сейчас вы читаете: Acoustic aspect of speech sounds

« 
 »